| > 时间不会使记忆风化
时间不会使记忆风化，岁月不会使历史蒸发。
历史被时间一页页掀过去，但记忆却留在人们的脑海里。不会忘记封建地主的层层盘剥，抢走了农民最后一粒米；不会忘记官僚资本的疯狂占有，榨干了工人最后一滴血；更不会忘记帝国主义的坚船利炮，瓜分了祖国最后一寸地。何时见天日？何日能翻身？压在中国人民身上的三座大山，压不弯中华民族的脊梁。一个声音在呐喊：“中国人民要革命”。
时间流淌，记忆流长。
一九二一年的夏天，嘉兴南湖燃起了星星之火，它以不可阻挡之势，迅速燎原。中国共产党，一个响亮的名字，在世界的东方，点燃了光明。她用顽强的意志，创建红色政权；她用民族的气概，赶走日本帝国主义；她用风扫残云之势，夺取了解放战争的胜利。历史发出了最强音：“只有共产党才能救中国！”
时间书写新的记忆。
一九四九年的秋天，在天安门的城楼上，一代伟人毛泽东向全世界庄严宣告：“中华人民共和国诞生了，中国人民从此站起来了！”中华民族从此屹立在世界东方。全国人民跟着毛泽东，开始了新中国建设的长征。短暂的几十年，我们走出了自力更生，艰苦奋斗之路；我们抵制了彷徨，克服了自然灾害，平息了文化风暴，逐渐走向成熟。历史明确地告诉我们：“没有共产党，就没有新中国。”
时间让记忆走向明天。
一九九二年的春天，有一位老人，在南海边划了一个圈。从此，改革的春风吹遍神州大地，经济搞活了，人民富裕了，国家强盛了，到处是一片欣欣向荣的景象。徜徉在祖国温暖的怀抱，感受着开放的激情与魄力，沐浴着党对民生的体恤与关怀，享受着小康生活的欣慰与自豪。然而，历史的记忆告诉我们，强国之路依旧很远很长。发展才是硬道理，树立科学发展观，统筹和谐社会，才是中华崛起之路！
时间继续书写着历史，岁月依旧凝结着记忆。
坎坷的岁月，已深深的埋藏在心底，留下的记忆，却时时闪现在脑海里。时间不会使记忆风化，新世纪的热血青年，让记忆记录我们前进步伐，让记忆记录我们创造明天的历史吧。 我的翻译：
Memory neverweather（1）by time Memory never weathers by time,and（2）years never evaporate through history. Historyturns over（3）, but is still fresh in people's minds（4）. Weshould neverforget（5）the landowners' exploitations, whichrobbedthe last grain from the farmers, nor should we forget bureaucrat capital's frenzy possessing, whichextracted（6）the last drop of blood from the workers. And we should never forget imperial countries' ships and cannons, which carved up the last inch of our land.When（7）will we be delivered from oppression? When can we free ourselves? The three mountains pressing on the Chinese people could not bend their backs. A voice was calling out loud, " We Chinese wants a revolution." Time trickles on, while memories linger on(8). In the summer of 1921, the sparks started on Jia Xing Lake unblockably becamea big flame(9) that swept across China unopposed. The Chinese Communist party, a mostloudable(10) name, in the Eastern Hemisphere and brought light to that part of the world. She established redauthority(11) by through a tenacious will; she drove away Japanese imperialism by national spirit; and she earned the success of by wind. History resounded, "Nothing but the Chinese Communalism can save China." Time makes new memory. Time makes new memory. On the Autumn of 1949, the great leader Mao Zedong solemnly declared to the world: The People's Republic of China is born, the Chinese peoplestand up（12）. The Chinese nation thenstands in the east（13）. The Chinese followed Chairman Mao on the Long March of national establishment. Shortly dozens ofyears（14）, we strugglingly stand on our own feet. Wefight（15） against puzzle, natural disaster and culture revolution, then becomes mature. History apparently tells us: Without the Chinese Communist Party, we will not establish a new China. Time let memory go to future. On the Spring of 1992, an old man drew a circle around the South Sea. Then the spring breeze of reform.blew（16）among the Divine Land. Economy is invigorated, peopleprosperous（17）, nation powerful. There is flourishing scene everywhere. Scrollingin the warm arms（18）of our motherland; feeling the passion andforce（19）of opening; bathing the care from the party to average people, and enjoying the happiness from comfortable life. However, history tells us that the way to strengthen our nation is stillfar（20）. Development is the real thing. Making ascentific development sense（21）and entirely planning the harmonious society is the right way to stand up. Time is still writing on the book of history, and years also coagulates memory. Time full offrustration（22）is deeply buriedin the heart（23）. Memories remained is still shining in the mind. Memory never weather by time. Come on, the hot-blooded youth of the new age, let memory records our pace, let memory records in advance the history of how we create a future. 修改评点：
（1）“时间不会使记忆风化”，参考翻译为“Time never erode memory”，这里用erode代替weather。Erode表示“侵蚀，风化”，这是它的本意，而weather常用解释为“天气”，这里使用的是生僻意思“风化”，加深了理解的难度，所以还是选用erode较好，但是由于erode 常用的是被动用法，最好将表达改为“Memory never be eroded by time”（见翻译用词对比）。
（2） “时间不会使记忆风化，岁月不会使历史蒸发”，对于这里的排比句，参考翻译采用了“never…，nor…”的句型，避免了使用and连接前后半句带来的单调。
（3）“历史被时间一页页掀过去”参考翻译为“Pages of history being turned”，这里应用了page一词，准确的表达出“一页页”的意思，而我的翻译较为笼统，没有翻译出“一页页”这个细节。
（4）“但记忆却留在人们的脑海里”，参考翻译为“memory leaves an imprint in our heart”，这里的imprint表示“印记”，恰当的表现了句子含义，是一个亮点词，而我的翻译则较为平常，没有出现亮点词。
（5）“不会忘记……，不会忘记……，更不会忘记……”，参考翻译采用了“How can we”的反问句型，加重了句子的语气，使表达更加生动。
（6）“榨干了工人最后一滴血”，最好翻译成“squeeze every drop of blood out of laborers”参考翻译使用了squeeze一词，它的意思是“用力挤压（尤其是用手指）”，用来表示“榨干”比较合适，而我的翻译选用了extract ，虽然也有“榨”的意思，但更多的是偏向“从某物体上分离”的含义，不能确切的表现出“榨”的动作（见翻译用词对比）。
（7）“何时见天日？何日能翻身？压在中国人民身上的三座大山，压不弯中华民族的脊梁。”参考翻译将这几个短句合并为一个长句，使句子表达更有气势。
（8）“时间流淌，记忆流长”我采取的直译，有较多的中式痕迹，非常生硬。参考译文采用意译“Memory is as fresh as new with the elapse of time”，非常容易理解，也比较符合英文习惯。
（9）“星星之火可以燎原”翻译成“a glisten of fire”，然而glisten一词地含义是sth wet to shine（见用词对比部分的具体解释），这里用来表达“星星之火”不够恰当，还是选用spark更为恰当，。
（10）“一个响亮的名字”，翻译成“a sonorous name”参考翻译使用了sonorous（声音响亮饱满的），这比我的翻译loudable（值得赞赏和表杨的，即使不够成功）要更加贴切（见翻译用词对比）。
（11）“红色政权”，这里应该翻译成“red regimes”。Regimes的意思就是“政权”，是政府的抽象概念，而我的翻译使用的aothority表示政府机构，是具象的概念，用来表示“政权”不合适（见翻译用词对比）。
（12）“一九四九年的秋天，在天安门的城楼上，一代伟人毛泽东向全世界庄严宣告：“中华人民共和国诞生了，中国人民从此站起来了！””参考翻译在处理这句话时，将毛泽东的话先翻译，将状语后翻译，较为符合外国的表达习惯。
（13）“中华民族从此屹立在世界东方”参考翻译为“rise in the orient”，这里rise有“升起”的含义。而stand in the east则非常通俗，不合规范。
（14）“短暂的几十年”，参考翻译为“In a transient period of time”，而我的翻译是“Shortly dozens of years”，中式英语痕迹很重。
（15）“走出”应该翻译成“trod out”，比我的翻译更加贴切。
（16）“改革的春风吹遍神州大地”翻译成“breeze of reform. swept through the nation”，在翻译“吹遍”时，参考翻译使用了sweep（扫过，席卷），这一动词有大范围覆盖的含义，能够准确的表达出“吹遍”的含义，而我的翻译使用的blow只有“吹”的含义，没能表达出“遍”的意思（见翻译用词对比）。
（17）“人民富裕了”，翻译成“people more affluent”，参考翻译使用了affluent（有钱的，生活水平较高的）表达，这一词使用比较准确，而我的翻译使用的prosperous一般用来形容繁茂的、强盛的、成功的，用来形容富裕不恰当，用来形容国家富强比较合适（见翻译用词对比）。
（18）“徜徉在祖国温暖的怀抱”，在翻译这句话时，要注意需采取意译方法，将“徜徉”转化为其他词语进行翻译，如果直译成英文，则难免造成动宾不搭配的错误。因而，参考翻译为in the cozy cuddle of the motherland，而我的翻译scrolling in the warm arms of motherland就不合适。
（19）“感受开放的激情与魅力”，翻译成“we feel the energy and strength of economic reform”，在翻译魅力时，force表示“强有力的，带有武力性质的”，显然不够合适，而strength表示“能够让人感到愉悦的能力”，较之force 更加贴切（见翻译用词对比）。
（20）“强国之路依旧很远很长”，我的翻译中用far表达“很远很长”，但是程度上还不够，参考翻译使用了way ahead（远远在前），表达出了“很”的意思。
（21）经过查阅，“科学发展观”的官方翻译为scientific approach of development，我的翻译和参考翻译都不是较为妥当。
（22）“坎坷的岁月”，翻译成“Vicissitudes of life”参考翻译用vicissitudes（人生的盛衰、变迁）含义比较广，来表示“坎坷”，非常贴切，而frustration（受到的挫折、困难）含义比较窄，不适合表达“坎坷”这样较抽象的词汇（见翻译用词对比）。
（23）“埋藏在心底”，我的翻译buried in the heart只能表达出“埋藏在心里”的含义，而参考翻译buried in the depths of the heart则能够表达出“埋藏在心底”的含义。 参考翻译：
Times never erode memory Memory never fade away with age, nor will history be lost in the mists of time.
Pages of history being turned, memory leaves an imprint in our heart. How can we ever forget the excruciating exploitation of feudal landlords who drudge every grain of rice to peasants. How can we ever forget rampant appropriation of bureaucratic capitalists who squeeze every drop of blood out of laborers. How can we ever forget the armed to the teeth imperialists who seize the last inches of our land. When can we, the Chinese people, stand on our own two feet against the odds of three mountains that oppress us but never bend our spines. A voice is crying out “we will revolutionize”. Memory is as fresh as new with the elapse of time.
In the summer of 1921 at Jia Xing South Lake arose a glisten of fire which prevailed throughout China with invincible momentum. CP, a sonorous name, lit up the light of illumination in the orient. CP established red regimes with its staunch will and drove the Japanese Imperialist out with national spirit. It accomplished the stunning success of liberation war in an overwhelming preponderance. History voices in its strongest tone “only can CP save China” History writes new chapters.
“PRC is born and Chinese people henceforth will not submit to any hegemony”, announced a great man by the name of Mao in the fall of 1949 on the city wall of Tiananmen. Chinese people from then on rose in the orient and sat at Mao’s feet embarking on a new construction long march. In a transient period of time, we trod out an independent path despite vacillation, cataclysms, political turmoil and were more and more mature. History tells us that “without CP, there will be no new China”. Time alone will tell.
An old man drew a circle in the spring of 1992 and breeze of reform. swept through the nation. Economy was resurgent and more active, people more affluent, nation more prosperous. Every corners of the country takes on an upbeat atmosphere. In the cozy cuddle of the mother land, we feel the energy and strength of economic reform, sunbathed under the party’s caring for people’s livelihood, enjoying satisfactorily the well-off life. However history tells us that the path to a powerful nation is still way ahead of us. Development and development only counts. The right path to national renaissance lies in taking a scientific view of development and building up a harmonious society. Time goes on to write history and ages laden with memory.
Vicissitudes of life are deeply buried in the depths of our hearts yet the memory now and then occurs to our minds. Time never erode the memory. Youth of the new century, let memory lead us move forward, let memory record the history we are to create in the future. 翻译用词对比： weather---- erode
weather noun, verb
noun [U]
1 the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time, such as the temperature, and if there is wind, rain, sun, etc.: hot / cold / wet / fine / summer / windy, etc. weather Did you have good weather on your trip? I’m not going out in this weather! There’s going to be a change in the weather. if the weather holds / breaks (= if the good weather continues / changes) The weather is very changeable at the moment. ‘Are you going to the beach tomorrow?’ ‘It depends on the weather.’ We’ll have the party outside, weather permitting (= if it doesn’t rain). a weather map / chart a weather report The tent protected us from the worst of the weather.
2 the weather (informal) a report of what the weather will be like, that is on the radio or television, or in the newspapers: to listen to the weather in all weathers (BrE) in all kinds of weather, good and bad: She goes out jogging in all weathers. keep a weather eye on sb/sth to watch sb/sth carefully in case you need to take action: Keep a weather eye on your competitors. under the weather (informal) if you are or feel under the weather, you feel slightly ill/sick and not as well as usual—more at brass, heavy
verb
1 to change, or make sth change, colour or shape because of the effect of the sun, rain or wind: [v] This brick weathers to a warm pinkish-brown colour. [vn] Her face was weathered by the sun.
2 [vn] to come safely through a difficult period or experience: The company just managed to weather the recession. She refuses to resign, intending to weather the storm (= wait until the situation improves again). erode verb [often passive] ~ (sth) (away)
1 to gradually destroy the surface of sth through the action of wind, rain, etc.; to be gradually destroyed in this way wear away: [vn] The cliff face has been steadily eroded by the sea. [v] The rocks have eroded away over time.
2 to gradually destroy sth or make it weaker over a period of time; to be destroyed or made weaker in this way: [vn] Her confidence has been slowly eroded by repeated failures. Mortgage payments have been eroded (= decreased in value) by inflation. [also v]
ero•sion /rn; NAmE ron/ noun [U]: the erosion of the coastline by the sea soil erosion the erosion of her confidence weather: 风化
1. face or endure with courage. 同义词：endure, brave, brave out
2. cause to slope
3. sail to the windward of
4. change under the action or influence of the weather erode: v. 腐蚀,侵蚀 vt. 侵蚀
1. become ground down or deteriorate 同义词：gnaw, gnaw at, eat at, wear away
2. remove soil or rock 同义词：eat away, fret 这里，weather倾向于“气候对某个环境的影响和改变”，而erode表示“岩石或土壤被侵蚀了”纵观两个词意，还是erode更加贴切一些。 extract---squeeze extract noun, verb noun
1 [C] ~ (from sth) a short passage from a book, piece of music, etc. that gives you an idea of what the whole thing is like: The following extract is taken from her new novel.
2 [U, C] a substance that has been obtained from sth else using a particular process: yeast extract face cream containing natural plant extracts (NAmE) vanilla extract—see also essence
verb /kstrkt/ [vn] ~ sth (from sb/sth)
1 to remove or obtain a substance from sth, for example by using an industrial or a chemical process: a machine that extracts excess moisture from the air to extract essential oils from plants
2 to obtain information, money, etc., often by taking it from sb who is unwilling to give it: Journalists managed to extract all kinds of information about her private life.
3 to choose information, etc. from a book, a computer, etc. to be used for a particular purpose: This article is extracted from his new book.
4 (formal or technical) to take or pull sth out, especially when this needs force or effort: The dentist may decide that the wisdom teeth need to be extracted. He rifled through his briefcase and extracted a file.
5 (formal) to get a particular feeling or quality from a situation derive: They are unlikely to extract much benefit from the trip.
squeeze verb, noun
verb
PRESS WITH FINGERS
1 to press sth firmly, especially with your fingers: [vn] to squeeze a tube of toothpaste to squeeze the trigger of a gun (= to fire it) He squeezed her hand and smiled at her. [v] Just take hold of the tube and squeeze.
GET LIQUID OUT
2 ~ sth (out of / from sth)| ~ sth (out) to get liquid out of sth by pressing or twisting it hard: [vn] to squeeze the juice from a lemon He took off his wet clothes and squeezed the water out. freshly squeezed orange juice (figurative) She felt as if every drop of emotion had been squeezed from her. [also vn-adj] INTO / THROUGH SMALL SPACE
3 ~ (sb/sth) into, through, etc. sth| ~ through, in, past, etc. to force sb/sth/yourself into or through a small space: [vn] We managed to squeeze six people into the car. It’s a pretty town, squeezed between the mountains and the ocean. (figurative) We managed to squeeze a lot into a week (= we did a lot of different things). [v] to squeeze into a tight dress / a parking space to squeeze through a gap in the hedge If you move forward a little, I can squeeze past. THREATEN
4 [vn] ~ sb (for sth) (informal) to get sth by putting pressure on sb, threatening them, etc.: He’s squeezing me for £500. LIMIT MONEY
5 [vn] to strictly limit or reduce the amount of money that sb/sth has or can use: High interest rates have squeezed the industry hard. squeeze sb dry to get as much money, information, etc. out of sb as you can
squeeze sb/sthin to give time to sb/sth, although you are very busy: If you come this afternoon the doctor will try to squeeze you in. I’ll try and squeeze in another hour’s work before I go out.
squeeze sb/sthout (of sth) to prevent sb/sth from continuing to do sth or be in business: Supermarkets are squeezing out small shops.
squeeze sth out of / from sb to get sth by putting pressure on sb, threatening them, etc.: to squeeze a confession from a suspect
squeeze up (against sb/sth)|
Squeeze sbup (against sb/sth) to move close to sb/sth so that you are pressed against them/it: There’ll be enough room if we all squeeze up a little. I sat squeezed up against the wall.
noun
PRESSING WITH FINGERS
1 [C, usually sing.] an act of pressing sth, usually with your hands: He gave my hand a little squeeze. Give the tube another squeeze. OF LIQUID
2 [C] a small amount of liquid that is produced by pressing sth: a squeeze of lemon juice IN SMALL SPACE
3 [sing.] a situation where it is almost impossible for a number of people or things to fit into a small or restricted space: It was a tight squeeze but we finally got everything into the case. Seven people in the car was a bit of a squeeze. REDUCTION IN MONEY
4 [C, usually sing.] a reduction in the amount of money, jobs, etc. available; a difficult situation caused by this: a squeeze on profits We’re really feeling the squeeze since I lost my job. a credit squeeze BOYFRIEND / GIRLFRIEND
5 [sing.] (informal, especially NAmE) a boyfriend or girlfriend: Who’s his main squeeze? put the squeeze on sb (to do sth) (informal) to put pressure on sb to act in a particular way; to make a situation difficult for sb: You come straight to me if she tries to put the squeeze on you. Increased competition is really putting the squeeze on North American producers. extract: n. 榨出物,精汁,选粹 v. 摘录,提取,吸取 [计算机] 提取
1. a solution obtained by steeping or soaking a substance (usually in water) 同义词：infusion
2. a passage selected from a larger work 同义词：excerpt, excerption, selection 动词 例句与用法:
1. I would like to quote two extracts from the book.
我很想引用这本书的两段文字。
2. I had extracted a detailed account from him.
我从他那里打听出了详情。
3. She extracted a small notebook from her handbag.
她从手提包里取出了一个小笔记本。
4. A computer word that specifies to extract some parts of another computer word.
一种计算机字，它规定对另一计算机字的某些部分进行析取。 squeeze: n. 压榨,挤 v. 紧握,挤
1. to compress with violence, out of natural shape or condition
同义词：squash, crush, squelch, mash
2. press firmly
3. squeeze like a wedge into a tight space
同义词：wedge, force
4. to cause to do through pressure or necessity, by physical, moral or intellectual means :"She forced him to take a job in the city"
同义词：coerce, hale, pressure, force
5. obtain by coercion or intimidation
同义词：extort, rack, gouge, wring
6. press or force
同义词：thrust, stuff, shove
7. squeeze tightly between the fingers
同义词：pinch, twinge, tweet, nip, twitch
8. squeeze (someone) tightly in your arms, usually with fondness
同义词：embrace, hug, bosom
9. squeeze or press together 例句与用法:
1. It was a tight squeeze but we finally got all the clothes into the case.
箱子已经很满了，但我们还是把衣服全塞进去了。
2. She's just lost her job, so they're really feeling the squeeze.
她刚失了业，这下他们真正感到艰难了。
3. We managed to get all the luggage into the car but it was a tight squeeze.
我们总算把行李都塞进汽车里了, 不过挤得要命.
4. It took some ingenuity to squeeze all the furniture into the little room.
把全部家具都塞进那个小房间是很费了一番心思的。 Extract强调的是从物体中提取，而squeeze强调的是压榨、挤的这个动作。 Spark---- a glisten of fire spark noun, verb (摘自牛津字典)
noun
1 [C] a very small burning piece of material that is produced by sth that is burning or by hitting two hard substances together: A shower of sparks flew up the chimney. A spark from the machinery had set fire to some material.
2 [C] a small flash of light produced by an electric current: sparks from a faulty light switch A spark ignites the fuel in a car engine.
3 [C, usually sing.] ~ of sth a small amount of a particular quality or feeling glimmer: a spark of hope The woman’s eyes still had a spark of life in them.
4 [U, sing.] a special quality of energy, intelligence or enthusiasm that makes sb very clever, amusing, etc.: As a writer he seemed to lack creative spark. She was a real star. She had a certain spark—that something extra.
5 [C] an action or event that causes sth important to develop, especially trouble or violence: the sparks of revolution
6 [C, usually pl.] feelings of anger or excitement between people: Sparks flew at the meeting (= there was a lot of argument). She was suddenly aware of the romantic spark between them. see bright adj.
verb
1 [vn] ~ sth (off) to cause sth to start or develop, especially suddenly: The proposal would spark a storm of protest around the country. The riots were sparked off by the arrest of a local leader. Winds brought down power lines, sparking a fire. The organizers are hoping to spark some interest in young people.
2 [v] to produce small flashes of fire or electricity: a sparking, crackling fire (figurative) The game suddenly sparked to life.
spark up sth (BrE) to begin a conversation, an argument, a friendship, etc., often suddenly: I tried to spark up a conversation with her. glisten verb (of sth wet) to shine: (摘自牛津字典) [v] Her eyes were glistening with tears. Sweat glistened on his forehead.
The road glistened wet after the rain. note at shine see gold n. Loudable----sonorous laudable adj. (formal) deserving to be praised or admired, even if not really successful
commendable: a laudable aim / attempt sonorous adj. (formal) having a pleasant full deep sound: a sonorous voice authority---- regimes authority noun (pl. -ies)
POWER
1 [U] the power to give orders to people: in a position of authority She now has authority over the people who used to be her bosses. Nothing will be done because no one in authority (= who has a position of power) takes the matter seriously.
2 [U] ~ (to do sth) the power or right to do sth: Only the manager has the authority to sign cheques. We have the authority to search this building. PERMISSION
3 [U] official permission to do sth: It was done without the principal’s authority. We acted under the authority of the UN. ORGANIZATION
4 [C, usually pl.] the people or an organization who have the power to make decisions or who have a particular area of responsibility in a country or region: The health authorities are investigating the problem. I have to report this to the authorities. the immigration authorities—see also local authority KNOWLEDGE
5 [U] the power to influence people because they respect your knowledge or official position: He spoke with authority on the topic. the moral authority to run the country EXPERT
6 [C] ~ (on sth) a person with special knowledge specialist: She’s an authority on criminal law. have sth on good au thority to be able to believe sth because you trust the person who gave you the information: I have it on good authority that he is going to be promoted. regime noun
1 a method or system of government, especially one that has not been elected in a fair way: a fascist / totalitarian / military, etc. regime an oppressive / brutal regime
2 a method or system of organizing or managing sth: Our tax regime is one of the most favourable in Europe.
3 = regimen: a dietary regime stand in the east---- rise in the orient
east noun, adj., adv.
noun [U, sing.] (abbr. E)
1 (usually the east) the direction that you look towards to see the sun rise; one of the four main points of the compass: Which way is east? A gale was blowing from the east. a town to the east of (= further east than) Chicago —compare north, south, west
2 (also East) the eastern part of a country, region or city: I was born in the East, but now live in San Francisco.
3 the East the countries of Asia, especially China, Japan and India
4 the East (in the past) the Communist countries of Eastern Europe: East-West relations
adj. [only before noun]
1 (also East) (abbr. E) in or towards the east: East Africa They live on the east coast.
2 an east wind blows from the east—compare easterly
adv. towards the east: The house faces east. orient (BrE also orien•tate) verb [vn]
1 [usually passive] ~ sb/sth (to / towards sb/sth) to direct sb/sth towards sth; to make or adapt sb/sth for a particular purpose: Our students are oriented towards science subjects. We run a commercially oriented operation. profit-orientated organizations Neither of them is politically oriented (= interested in politics). policies oriented to the needs of working mothers
2 ~ yourself to find your position in relation to your surroundings: The mountaineers found it hard to orient themselves in the fog.
3 ~ yourself to make yourself familiar with a new situation: It took him some time to orient himself in his new school.—compare disorientate blow----sweep
blow verb, noun, exclamation
verb (blew /blu / blown In sense 13 blowed is used for the past participle.)
FROM MOUTH
1 [+adv. / prep.] to send out air from the mouth: [v] You’re not blowing hard enough! The policeman asked me to blow into the breathalyser. [vn] He drew on his cigarette and blew out a stream of smoke. OF WIND
2 when the wind or a current of air blows, it is moving; when it blows, the wind is blowing: [v, often + adv. / prep.] A cold wind blew from the east. It was blowing hard. [vn] It was blowing a gale (= there was a strong wind). MOVE WITH WIND / BREATH
3 [+adv. / prep.] to be moved by the wind, sb’s breath, etc.; to move sth in this way: [v] My hat blew off. [v-adj] The door blew open. [vn] I was almost blown over by the wind. She blew the dust off the book. The ship was blown onto the rocks. The bomb blast blew two passers-by across the street. [also vn-adj] WHISTLE / INSTRUMENT
4 if you blow a whistle, musical instrument, etc. or if a whistle, etc. blows, you produce a sound by blowing into the whistle, etc.: [vn] The referee blew his whistle. [v] the sound of trumpets blowing YOUR NOSE
5 [vn] ~ your nose to clear your nose by blowing strongly through it into a handkerchief A KISS
6 [vn, vnn] ~ (sb) a kiss to kiss your hand and then pretend to blow the kiss towards sb SHAPE STH
7 [vn] to make or shape sth by blowing: to blow smoke rings to blow bubbles (= for example, by blowing onto a thin layer of water mixed with soap) to blow glass (= to send a current of air into melted glass to shape it) ELECTRICITY
8 [v, vn] if a fuse blows or you blow a fuse, the electricity stops flowing suddenly because the fuse (= a thin wire) has melted because the current was too strong WITH EXPLOSIVES
9 [vn] to break sth open with explosives: The safe had been blown by the thieves. SECRET
10 [vn] (informal) to make known sth that was secret: One mistake could blow your cover (= make your real name, job, intentions, etc. known). We’re going to blow his operation wide open. MONEY
11 [vn] ~ sth (on sth) (informal) to spend or waste a lot of money on sth: He inherited over a million dollars and blew it all on drink and gambling. OPPORTUNITY
12 [vn] (informal) to waste an opportunity: She blew her chances by arriving late for the interview. You had your chance and you blew it. EXCLAMATION
13 [vn] (BrE, informal) used to show that you are annoyed, surprised or do not care about sth: Blow it! We’ve missed the bus. Well, blow me down! I never thought I’d see you again. I’m blowed if I’m going to (= I certainly will not) let him treat you like that. Let’s take a taxi and blow (= never mind) the expense. sweep verb, noun
verb (swept, swept /swept/)
WITH BRUSH OR HAND
1 to clean a room, surface, etc. using a broom (= a type of brush on a long handle): [vn] to sweep the floor Chimneys should be swept regularly. [vn-adj] The showroom had been emptied and swept clean. [also v]
2 [vn + adv. / prep.] to remove sth from a surface using a brush, your hand, etc.: She swept the crumbs into the wastebasket. He swept the leaves up into a pile. She swept the clothes onto the floor and invited him to sit down. prosperous----affluent
prosperous adj.
rich and successful affluent: prosperous countries Farmers are more prosperous in the south of the country. affluent adj. having a lot of money and a good standard of living prosperous, wealthy: affluent Western countries a very affluent neighbourhood force----strength
force noun, verb(WORD FAMILY: force noun verb | forceful adj. | forced adj. unforced | forcible adj. | enforce verb )
noun
VIOLENT ACTION
1 [U] violent physical action used to obtain or achieve sth: The release of the hostages could not be achieved without the use of force. The rioters were taken away by force. The ultimatum contained the threat of military force. We will achieve much more by persuasion than by brute force. plans to seize power by force of arms (= by military force) PHYSICAL STRENGTH
2 [U] the physical strength of sth that is shown as it hits sth else: the force of the blow / explosion / collision The shopping centre took the full force of the blast. She hits the ball with amazing force for someone so small. STRONG EFFECT
3 [U] the strong effect or influence of sth: They realized the force of her argument. He controlled himself by sheer force of will. She spoke with force and deliberation. SB / STH WITH POWER
4 [C] a person or thing that has a lot of power or influence: economic / market forces the forces of good / evil Ron is the driving force (= the person who has the most influence) behind the project. She’s a force to be reckoned with (= a person who has a lot of power and influence and should therefore be treated seriously). The expansion of higher education should be a powerful force for change. Television has become a major force in American political life. He was finally defeated by forces beyond his control. AUTHORITY
5 [U] the authority of sth: These guidelines do not have the force of law. The court ruled that these standards have force in British law. The culprits must expect to face the full force of the law. GROUP OF PEOPLE
6 [C+sing./pl. v.] a group of people who have been organized for a particular purpose: a member of the sales force A large proportion of the labour force (= all the people who work in a particular company, area, etc.) is unskilled.—see also workforce MILITARY
7 [C+sing./pl. v.] a group of people who have been trained to protect other people, usually by using weapons: a member of the security forces rebel / government forces a peace-keeping force—see also air force, police force, task force
8 the forces [pl.] (BrE) the army, navy and air force: allied forces—see also the armed forces
9 forces [pl.] the weapons and soldiers that an army, etc. has, considered as things that may be used: strategic nuclear forces strength noun
BEING PHYSICALLY STRONG
1 [U, sing.] ~ to do sth the quality of being physically strong: He pushed against the rock with all his strength. It may take a few weeks for you to build up your strength again. She didn’t have the strength to walk any further. He had a physical strength that matched his outward appearance.
2 [U] the ability that sth has to resist force or hold heavy weights without breaking or being damaged: the strength of a rope—see also industrial-strength BEING BRAVE
3 [U, sing.] the quality of being brave and determined in a difficult situation: During this ordeal he was able to draw strength from his faith. She has a remarkable inner strength. You have shown great strength of character. POWER / INFLUENCE
4 [U] the power and influence that sb/sth has: Political power depends upon economic strength. Their superior military strength gives them a huge advantage. to negotiate from a position of strength The rally was intended to be a show of strength by the socialists. OF OPINION / FEELING
5 [U] how strong or deeply felt an opinion or a feeling is: the strength of public opinion This view has recently gathered strength (= become stronger or more widely held). I was surprised by the strength of her feelings. ADVANTAGE
6 [C] a quality or an ability that a person or thing has that gives them an advantage: The ability to keep calm is one of her many strengths. the strengths and weaknesses of an argument The new weapon’s strength lies in its accuracy. OF NATURAL FORCE
7 [U] how strong a natural force is: the strength of the sun wind strength the strength and direction of the tide OF FLAVOUR
8 [U, C] how strong a particular flavour or substance is: Add more curry powder depending on the strength required. a range of beers with different strengths (= with different amounts of alcohol in them) a packet of double-strength mints OF CURRENCY
9 [U] how strong a country’s currency (= unit of money) is in relation to other countries' currencies: the strength of the dollar NUMBER IN GROUP
10 [U] the number of people in a group, a team or an organization: The strength of the workforce is about to be doubled from 3 000 to 6 000. The team will be back at full strength (= with all the best players) for the next match. The protesters turned out in strength (= in large numbers). These cuts have left the local police force under strength (= with fewer members than it needs). go from strength to strength to become more and more successful: Since her appointment the department has gone from strength to strength. on the strength of sth because sb has been influenced or persuaded by sth: I got the job on the strength of your recommendation. She hopes to secure a recording contract on the strength of these songs.—more at tower n. far----way ahead
far adv., adj.
adv. (far•ther, far•thest or fur•ther, fur•thest)
DISTANCE
1 ~ (from, away, below, etc.) a long distance away: We didn’t go far. Have you come far? It’s not far to the beach. There’s not far to go now. The restaurant is not far from here. countries as far apart as Japan and Brazil He looked down at the traffic far below. Far away in the distance, a train whistled. The farther north they went, the colder it became. a concert of music from near and far In positive sentences it is more usual to use a long way: We went a long way. We went far. The restaurant is a long way from here.
2 used when you are asking or talking about the distance between two places or the distance that has been travelled or is to be travelled: How far is it to your house from here? How far is Boston from New York? How much further is it? We’ll go by train as far as London, and then take a bus. We didn’t go as far as the others. I’m not sure I can walk so far. frustration----vicissitudes
frustration noun
1 [U] the feeling of being frustrated: Dave thumped the table in frustration. She couldn’t stand the frustration of not being able to help. sexual frustration
2 [C, usually pl.] something that causes you to feel frustrated: Every job has its difficulties and frustrations. Inevitably she took out her frustrations on the children.
3 [U] ~ of sth (formal) the fact that sth is preventing sth/sb from succeeding: the frustration of all his ambitions vicissitude noun [usually pl.] (formal) one of the many changes and problems in a situation or in your life, that you have to deal with: the vicissitudes of family life. | 